In this study, the Nonrandom Two-Liquid (NRTL) model was used to calculate the isoactivity equations from the experimental Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) data. Additionally, the original Differential Evolution method (DE_rand1) and its modifications involve the self-adaptive control parameters differential evolution (JDE), the adaptive differential evolution with optional external archive (JADE), and the Composite Differential Evolution (CODE) have been used to estimate the binary interaction parameters. Randomization of regression parameters has been used to minimize the fitting objective function. Furthermore, the effectiveness of these optimization methods was tested in a quaternary system of water, acetic acid, 50 % dichloromethane (DCM), and 50 % methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) at 301.15 K. Moreover, the optimization process assessment was carried out by regression analysis using Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), mean, standard deviation, and the duration of execution time spent on both the activity and the fractional objective functions. Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results that were less than or equal to 0.0107 demonstrated the effectiveness of Differential Evolution methods in estimating NRTL parameters for this specific system. Finally, the original method (DE_rand1) was found to be the most efficient approach among all its variations.

Existing Liquid holdup models are generally based on low gas and Liquid velocities. In order to extend the applicable range of existing Liquid holdup prediction models and improve its prediction accuracy, a of gas-Liquid Two-phase flow experiment was carried out using a pipe of inner diameter 60mm and length of 11. 5m. The superficial gas and Liquid velocity ranges were 14. 07~56. 50m/s and 0. 205~1. 426m/s, respectively. The results indicate that the Liquid holdup decreases with the increase of the superficial gas velocity and increases with the increase of the superficial Liquid velocity. A new annular flow model for calculating low Liquid holdup in horizontal pipe was developed and presented considering the relationships between the friction factor ratio of Liquid phase and gas-Liquid interface as well as the superficial Reynolds number of gas and Liquid. The predictions of the model are found to be accurate with an average absolute error of 4. 8%. Further, on the basis of the Beggs-Brill model and the horizontal pipe model established in this paper, a new Liquid holdup model for different angles was given. It was observed the resultant model is also accurate, and has an average absolute error of 10%.

In the present study, transesterification of soybean oil to Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) was carried out in the microreactor. The system performance was investigated in the presence of hexane as a cosolvent. Furthermore, the effect of number of micromixer’s inlets on the mixing was one of the objectives in this work. For the goals mentioned above, three different experiments were done with and without cosolvent in Two and three inlet micromixers under optimum conditions. Both flow pattern observations and Gas Chromatgoraphy (GC) characterization of FAME samples demonstrated that cosolvent technique and micromixer application could significantly influence the FAME yield in biodiesel production.

To investigate the gas-Liquid Two-phase flow characteristics in an emergency rescue drainage pump, the MUSIG model was adopted to analyze the effect of the gas phase on the internal flow characteristics of the pump. The results show that the gas phase predominantly accumulated in the impeller region, with significant tendencies for large diameter bubbles to fragment into smaller diameter bubbles. The bubbles of the impeller blades converged towards the middle zone of the blade near the hub, forming an air pocket that obstructed the flow passage through the impeller. Such findings ultimately resulted in a loss of pump performance. Moreover, as the diameter of inlet bubble increased, there was a greater tendency for the gas phase to converge into a concentration distribution, leading to unfavorable flow conditions in the pump. This phenomenon ultimately led to a decline in pump performance and may have resulted in the loss of water conveyance functionality. Meanwhile, the Ω method was used to investigate the vortex flow within the drainage pump under different gas contents. As the inlet gas volume fraction increased, the vortex area expanded and the vortex tended to fragment into multiple smaller pieces, resulting in the formation of more complex structures.